turtle 海龟绘图

# macOS (Homebrew)
brew install python-tk@3.13   # 版本号需与 Python 版本一致

# Ubuntu / Debian
sudo apt-get install python3-tk

# Windows
# Tkinter 通常随 Python 官方安装包自带，无需额外安装

import turtle          # 如果报错 No module named '_tkinter'，需安装 Tkinter
turtle.forward(100)    # 海龟前进 100 像素
turtle.done()          # 保持窗口打开

from turtle import *

pensize(3)           # 画笔宽度 3 像素
pencolor('blue')     # 蓝色画笔

for i in range(4):   # 循环 4 次
    forward(100)     # 前进 100 像素
    right(90)        # 右转 90 度

done()               # 保持窗口

from turtle import *

pensize(2)
pencolor('red')

circle(80)           # 半径 80 像素的圆（圆心在海龟左侧）

done()

circle(50)           # 完整圆，半径 50
circle(50, 180)      # 半圆（180度弧），半径 50
circle(50, 360, 6)   # 六边形（360度弧，6步），半径 50

from turtle import *

def drawStar(x, y):
    """在 (x, y) 位置绘制五角星"""
    pu()              # 抬笔，移动不留痕迹
    goto(x, y)        # 移动到目标位置
    pd()              # 落笔，开始绘制
    seth(0)           # 朝向右方（0 度）
    for i in range(5):
        fd(40)        # 前进 40 像素
        rt(144)       # 右转 144 度（五角星内角）

# 绘制一排五角星
for x in range(0, 250, 50):
    drawStar(x, 0)

done()

from turtle import *

def draw_filled_star(size):
    """绘制填充五角星"""
    fillcolor('yellow')      # 填充色：黄色
    pencolor('red')          # 边框色：红色
    pensize(2)

    begin_fill()             # 开始填充
    for i in range(5):
        fd(size)             # 前进
        rt(144)              # 右转 144 度
    end_fill()               # 结束填充

draw_filled_star(100)
done()

from turtle import *

speed(0)             # 最快速度
bgcolor('black')     # 黑色背景
pencolor('cyan')     # 青色画笔

for i in range(150):
    forward(i * 2)   # 步长逐渐增大
    right(91)        # 每次转 91 度（略大于直角，产生螺旋效果）

done()

from turtle import *

speed(0)
pensize(2)
bgcolor('black')

colors = ['red', 'yellow', 'green', 'cyan', 'blue', 'magenta']

for i in range(360):
    pencolor(colors[i % 6])   # 颜色循环：6 色轮流
    forward(i)                # 步长递增
    right(59)                 # 转向角度

done()

from turtle import *

width(4)             # 设置笔刷宽度
forward(200)         # 前进 200 像素
right(90)            # 右转 90 度

pencolor('red')
forward(100)
right(90)

pencolor('green')
forward(200)
right(90)

pencolor('blue')
forward(100)
right(90)

done()               # 保持窗口

from turtle import *

def draw_polygon(sides, length, color='black'):
    """
    绘制正多边形

    参数:
        sides   - 边数（3=三角形, 4=正方形, 6=六边形...）
        length  - 每条边长度
        color   - 画笔颜色
    """
    pencolor(color)
    angle = 360 / sides          # 外角 = 360° / 边数
    for _ in range(sides):
        fd(length)               # 前进
        rt(angle)                # 右转外角

# 绘制不同边数的正多边形
shapes = [
    (3, 80, 'red'),              # 三角形
    (4, 70, 'blue'),             # 正方形
    (5, 60, 'green'),            # 五边形
    (6, 50, 'purple'),           # 六边形
    (8, 40, 'orange'),           # 八边形
]

pu()                             # 抬笔
goto(-300, 0)                    # 移动到起始位置
pd()                             # 落笔

for sides, length, color in shapes:
    draw_polygon(sides, length, color)
    pu()
    fd(length + 30)              # 移动到下一个图形的起始位置
    pd()

done()

from turtle import *

speed(0)
pensize(2)

colors = ['red', 'orange', 'yellow', 'green', 'cyan', 'blue', 'purple']

for i, color in enumerate(colors):
    pencolor(color)
    radius = 30 + i * 25        # 半径逐渐增大：30, 55, 80, ...
    circle(radius)              # 画圆
    pu()
    sety(ycor() - 25)           # 向下移动，使下一个圆的圆心对齐
    pd()

done()

from turtle import *

colormode(255)       # 设置 RGB 色彩模式（0-255）

lt(90)               # 海龟朝上（北）

lv = 14              # 最大递归深度
l = 120              # 初始枝干长度
s = 45               # 分叉角度

width(lv)

# 初始化 RGB 颜色
r, g, b = 0, 0, 0
pencolor(r, g, b)

penup()
bk(l)                # 后退到树根位置
pendown()
fd(l)                # 画主干


def draw_tree(l, level):
    """递归绘制分形树"""
    global r, g, b
    w = width()

    width(w * 3.0 / 4.0)          # 枝干逐渐变细
    r = r + 1
    g = g + 2
    b = b + 3
    pencolor(r % 200, g % 200, b % 200)  # 颜色渐变

    l = 3.0 / 4.0 * l             # 枝干逐渐变短

    lt(s)                          # 左转分叉
    fd(l)

    if level < lv:                 # 递归条件
        draw_tree(l, level + 1)
    bk(l)                          # 回退
    rt(2 * s)                      # 右转分叉
    fd(l)

    if level < lv:
        draw_tree(l, level + 1)
    bk(l)
    lt(s)                          # 恢复朝向

    width(w)                       # 恢复画笔宽度


speed("fastest")

draw_tree(l, 4)

done()

from turtle import *

def koch(size, n):
    """
    绘制科赫曲线

    参数:
        size - 当前线段长度
        n    - 递归深度
    """
    if n == 0:                # 递归终止：画直线
        fd(size)
    else:
        for angle in [60, -120, 60, 0]:  # 科赫曲线的四段转向
            koch(size / 3, n - 1)        # 递归绘制子线段
            lt(angle)                    # 转向

def snowflake(size, n):
    """绘制科赫雪花（三条科赫曲线组成）"""
    for _ in range(3):
        koch(size, n)
        rt(120)               # 右转 120°，画下一条边

speed(0)
pensize(2)
pencolor('blue')

pu()
goto(-150, 90)               # 移动到合适位置
pd()

snowflake(300, 3)            # 边长 300，递归深度 3

done()

import turtle

def mandelbrot(c, max_iter=100):
    """计算曼德博集合迭代次数"""
    z = 0
    for i in range(max_iter):
        if abs(z) > 2:
            return i
        z = z * z + c
    return max_iter

def draw_mandelbrot():
    screen = turtle.Screen()
    screen.setup(600, 600)
    screen.bgcolor("black")
    screen.title("曼德博集合")

    t = turtle.Turtle()
    t.speed(0)
    t.penup()
    t.hideturtle()

    width, height = 600, 600
    x_min, x_max = -2.5, 1.0
    y_min, y_max = -1.5, 1.5
    max_iter = 50

    turtle.tracer(0)

    for px in range(width):
        for py in range(height):
            x = x_min + (px / width) * (x_max - x_min)
            y = y_min + (py / height) * (y_max - y_min)
            c = complex(x, y)
            m = mandelbrot(c, max_iter)

            if m == max_iter:
                color = "black"
            else:
                hue = int(255 * m / max_iter)
                color = f"#{hue:02x}{hue:02x}{255:02x}"

            t.goto(px - width // 2, py - height // 2)
            t.dot(1, color)

        if px % 10 == 0:
            turtle.update()

    turtle.update()
    turtle.done()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    draw_mandelbrot()

from turtle import *

speed(1)             # 最慢，适合观察绘制过程
for i in range(4):
    fd(100)
    rt(90)

done()

from turtle import *

tracer(0)            # 关闭自动刷新（0 = 关闭，1 = 每帧刷新，n = 每 n 个动作刷新一次）

# ... 执行大量绘图命令 ...
for i in range(500):
    fd(i)
    rt(91)

update()             # 手动刷新一次，显示最终结果
done()

# 函数式风格
from turtle import *
forward(100)
done()

# 面向对象风格
import turtle
t = turtle.Turtle()
t.forward(100)
turtle.done()

import turtle

# 创建画布
screen = turtle.Screen()
screen.setup(600, 600)
screen.bgcolor('black')
screen.title('双海龟赛跑')

# 创建两只海龟
t1 = turtle.Turtle()       # 第一只海龟
t1.shape('turtle')
t1.color('red')
t1.pensize(2)

t2 = turtle.Turtle()       # 第二只海龟
t2.shape('turtle')
t2.color('cyan')
t2.pensize(2)

# t1 画正方形
t1.penup()
t1.goto(-200, 100)
t1.pendown()
for _ in range(4):
    t1.fd(80)
    t1.rt(90)

# t2 画三角形
t2.penup()
t2.goto(100, 100)
t2.pendown()
for _ in range(3):
    t2.fd(80)
    t2.rt(120)

screen.mainloop()

import turtle

screen = turtle.Screen()
screen.setup(800, 600)
screen.bgcolor("black")

colors = ["red", "blue", "green", "yellow", "purple"]
turtles = []

for i, color in enumerate(colors):
    t = turtle.Turtle()
    t.shape("turtle")
    t.color(color)
    t.speed(0)
    t.penup()
    t.goto(0, 0)
    t.pendown()
    turtles.append(t)

# 协作绘制螺旋图案
for i in range(100):
    for t in turtles:
        t.forward(i * 2)
        t.right(60)

screen.mainloop()

import turtle

t = turtle.Turtle()
t.speed(0)

# 开始记录多边形顶点（绘制五角星路径）
t.begin_poly()
for _ in range(5):
    t.forward(50)
    t.right(144)
t.end_poly()

# 注册为自定义形状
star_shape = t.get_poly()
turtle.register_shape("star", star_shape)

# 清除画布后使用新形状
t.reset()
t.shape("star")
t.color("gold")
t.shapesize(3)

# 印章效果：旋转并盖章
for i in range(12):
    t.stamp()
    t.right(30)

turtle.done()

import turtle

screen = turtle.Screen()
screen.setup(800, 600)
screen.title("交互式绘图 — 点击绘制，方向键移动")

t = turtle.Turtle()
t.speed(0)
t.pensize(3)

def draw_dot(x, y):
    """鼠标点击处绘制圆点"""
    t.penup()
    t.goto(x, y)
    t.pendown()
    t.dot(20, "red")

def move_up():    t.setheading(90);  t.forward(20)
def move_down():  t.setheading(270); t.forward(20)
def move_left():  t.setheading(180); t.forward(20)
def move_right(): t.setheading(0);   t.forward(20)

screen.onclick(draw_dot)
screen.onkey(move_up, "Up")
screen.onkey(move_down, "Down")
screen.onkey(move_left, "Left")
screen.onkey(move_right, "Right")
screen.onkey(screen.bye, "q")  # 按 q 退出

screen.listen()
screen.mainloop()

import turtle
from datetime import *

def Skip(step):
    """抬起画笔，前进一段距离后放下"""
    turtle.penup()
    turtle.forward(step)
    turtle.pendown()

def mkHand(name, length):
    """创建表针形状"""
    turtle.reset()
    Skip(-length * 0.1)
    turtle.begin_poly()
    turtle.forward(length * 1.1)
    turtle.end_poly()
    handForm = turtle.get_poly()
    turtle.register_shape(name, handForm)

def Init():
    global secHand, minHand, hurHand, printer
    turtle.mode("logo")
    mkHand("secHand", 135)
    mkHand("minHand", 125)
    mkHand("hurHand", 90)
    secHand = turtle.Turtle()
    secHand.shape("secHand")
    minHand = turtle.Turtle()
    minHand.shape("minHand")
    hurHand = turtle.Turtle()
    hurHand.shape("hurHand")
    for hand in secHand, minHand, hurHand:
        hand.shapesize(1, 1, 3)
        hand.speed(0)
    printer = turtle.Turtle()
    printer.hideturtle()
    printer.penup()

def SetupClock(radius):
    """绘制表盘"""
    turtle.reset()
    turtle.pensize(7)
    for i in range(60):
        Skip(radius)
        if i % 5 == 0:
            turtle.forward(20)
            Skip(-radius - 20)
            Skip(radius + 20)
            if i == 0:
                turtle.write(int(12), align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold")
            elif i == 30:
                Skip(25)
                turtle.write(int(i / 5), align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold")
                Skip(-25)
            elif (i == 25 or i == 35):
                Skip(20)
                turtle.write(int(i / 5), align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold")
                Skip(-20)
            else:
                turtle.write(int(i / 5), align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold")
            Skip(-radius - 20)
        else:
            turtle.dot(5)
            Skip(-radius)
        turtle.right(6)

def Week(t):
    week = ["星期一", "星期二", "星期三", "星期四", "星期五", "星期六", "星期日"]
    return week[t.weekday()]

def Date(t):
    return "%s 年 %d 月 %d 日" % (t.year, t.month, t.day)

def Tick():
    """表针动态更新"""
    t = datetime.today()
    second = t.second + t.microsecond * 0.000001
    minute = t.minute + second / 60.0
    hour = t.hour + minute / 60.0
    secHand.setheading(6 * second)
    minHand.setheading(6 * minute)
    hurHand.setheading(30 * hour)

    turtle.tracer(False)
    printer.forward(65)
    printer.write(Week(t), align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold")
    printer.back(130)
    printer.write(Date(t), align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold")
    printer.home()
    turtle.tracer(True)

    turtle.ontimer(Tick, 100)  # 每 100ms 刷新一次

def main():
    turtle.tracer(False)
    Init()
    SetupClock(160)
    turtle.tracer(True)
    Tick()
    turtle.mainloop()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

import turtle, time

def drawLine(draw):
    turtle.pendown() if draw else turtle.penup()
    turtle.fd(40)
    turtle.right(90)

def drawDight(dight):
    """绘制单个数字（七段数码管）"""
    drawLine(True) if dight in [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9] else drawLine(False)
    drawLine(True) if dight in [0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] else drawLine(False)
    drawLine(True) if dight in [0, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9] else drawLine(False)
    drawLine(True) if dight in [0, 2, 6, 8] else drawLine(False)
    turtle.left(90)
    drawLine(True) if dight in [0, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9] else drawLine(False)
    drawLine(True) if dight in [0, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] else drawLine(False)
    drawLine(True) if dight in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9] else drawLine(False)
    turtle.right(180)
    turtle.penup()
    turtle.fd(20)

def drawDate(date):
    """绘制日期/时间字符串"""
    turtle.pencolor("red")
    for ch in date:
        if ch == '-':
            turtle.write('年', font=("微软雅黑", 32, "normal")
            turtle.pencolor("green")
            turtle.fd(80)
        elif ch == '=':
            turtle.write('月', font=("微软雅黑", 32, "normal")
            turtle.pencolor("blue")
            turtle.fd(80)
        elif ch == '+':
            turtle.write('日', font=("微软雅黑", 32, "normal")
            turtle.pencolor("red")
            turtle.fd(80)
        elif ch == '/':
            turtle.write('时', font=("微软雅黑", 32, "normal")
            turtle.pencolor("green")
            turtle.fd(80)
        elif ch == '*':
            turtle.write('分', font=("微软雅黑", 32, "normal")
            turtle.pencolor("blue")
            turtle.fd(80)
        elif ch == '.':
            turtle.write('秒', font=("微软雅黑", 32, "normal")
            turtle.fd(80)
        else:
            drawDight(eval(ch)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    turtle.penup()
    turtle.fd(-350)
    turtle.pensize(5)
    turtle.speed(1000)
    drawDate(time.strftime('%Y-%m=%d+', time.localtime())
    turtle.right(90)
    turtle.fd(120)
    turtle.right(90)
    turtle.fd(660)
    turtle.right(180)
    drawDate(time.strftime('%H/%M*%S.', time.localtime())
    turtle.hideturtle()
    turtle.done()

from turtle import *

def nose(x, y):
    """画鼻子"""
    penup(); goto(x, y); pendown()
    setheading(-30)
    begin_fill()
    a = 0.4
    for i in range(120):
        if 0 <= i < 30 or 60 <= i < 90:
            a = a + 0.08; left(3); forward(a)
        else:
            a = a - 0.08; left(3); forward(a)
    end_fill()
    penup(); setheading(90); forward(25); setheading(0); forward(10); pendown()
    pencolor(255, 155, 192); setheading(10)
    begin_fill(); circle(5); color(160, 82, 45); end_fill()
    penup(); setheading(0); forward(20); pendown()
    pencolor(255, 155, 192); setheading(10)
    begin_fill(); circle(5); color(160, 82, 45); end_fill()

def head(x, y):
    """画头"""
    color((255, 155, 192), "pink")
    penup(); goto(x, y); setheading(0); pendown()
    begin_fill()
    setheading(180)
    circle(300, -30); circle(100, -60); circle(80, -100)
    circle(150, -20); circle(60, -95)
    setheading(161); circle(-300, 15)
    penup(); goto(-100, 100); pendown()
    setheading(-30); a = 0.4
    for i in range(60):
        if 0 <= i < 30 or 60 <= i < 90:
            a = a + 0.08; lt(3); fd(a)
        else:
            a = a - 0.08; lt(3); fd(a)
    end_fill()

def ears(x, y):
    """画耳朵"""
    color((255, 155, 192), "pink")
    penup(); goto(x, y); pendown()
    begin_fill(); setheading(100)
    circle(-50, 50); circle(-10, 120); circle(-50, 54)
    end_fill()
    penup(); setheading(90); forward(-12); setheading(0); forward(30); pendown()
    begin_fill(); setheading(100)
    circle(-50, 50); circle(-10, 120); circle(-50, 56)
    end_fill()

def eyes(x, y):
    """画眼睛"""
    color((255, 155, 192), "white")
    penup(); setheading(90); forward(-20); setheading(0); forward(-95); pendown()
    begin_fill(); circle(15); end_fill()
    color("black")
    penup(); setheading(90); forward(12); setheading(0); forward(-3); pendown()
    begin_fill(); circle(3); end_fill()
    color((255, 155, 192), "white")
    penup(); seth(90); forward(-25); seth(0); forward(40); pendown()
    begin_fill(); circle(15); end_fill()
    color("black")
    penup(); setheading(90); forward(12); setheading(0); forward(-3); pendown()
    begin_fill(); circle(3); end_fill()

def cheek(x, y):
    """画脸颊"""
    color((255, 155, 192)
    penup(); goto(x, y); pendown()
    setheading(0); begin_fill(); circle(30); end_fill()

def mouth(x, y):
    """画嘴巴"""
    color(239, 69, 19)
    penup(); goto(x, y); pendown()
    setheading(-80); circle(30, 40); circle(40, 80)

def main():
    pensize(4); hideturtle(); colormode(255)
    color((255, 155, 192), "pink")
    setup(840, 500); speed(10)
    nose(-100, 100)
    head(-69, 167)
    ears(0, 160)
    eyes(0, 140)
    cheek(80, 10)
    mouth(-20, 30)
    done()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

# 错误：窗口一闪而过
import turtle
turtle.forward(100)
# 缺少 turtle.done()

# 正确：窗口保持打开
import turtle
turtle.forward(100)
turtle.done()              # 启动事件循环，保持窗口

# 错误：colormode=1.0（默认）时使用 0-255 范围
import turtle
turtle.pencolor(128, 0, 255)   # ValueError: invalid color arguments

# 正确方式一：切换到 255 模式
turtle.colormode(255)
turtle.pencolor(128, 0, 255)   # OK

# 正确方式二：使用 0-1 范围
turtle.colormode(1.0)
turtle.pencolor(0.5, 0.0, 1.0) # OK

# 常见误解：以为 circle(50) 的圆心在海龟当前位置
# 实际：圆心在海龟左侧 50 像素处

# 如果想让圆心在 (0, 0)，需要先调整海龟位置
import turtle
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(0, -50)        # 海龟移到圆心下方 50 像素处
turtle.pendown()
turtle.circle(50)           # 此时圆心在 (0, 0)
turtle.done()

# 错误：from turtle import * 可能覆盖内置名称
from turtle import *
distance = 100              # 覆盖了 turtle.distance 函数！
forward(distance)

# 正确：使用面向对象风格避免冲突
import turtle
t = turtle.Turtle()
my_distance = 100
t.forward(my_distance)

# 错误：忘记 listen()，键盘事件不响应
import turtle
t = turtle.Turtle()
turtle.onkey(lambda: t.forward(50), 'Up')   # 绑定了但没监听
turtle.done()

# 正确：绑定后调用 listen()
import turtle
t = turtle.Turtle()
turtle.onkey(lambda: t.forward(50), 'Up')
turtle.listen()              # 开始监听键盘事件
turtle.done()

# 在脚本开头添加，解决 IDLE 冲突
import turtle
turtle.Screen().tracer(0)    # 在 IDLE 中关闭自动刷新

# 或者：使用命令行运行脚本
# python my_turtle_script.py

# 方法一：screensize —— 设置画布（可滚动区域）大小
turtle.screensize(800, 600, "white")   # 宽 800、高 600、白色背景

# 方法二：setup —— 设置窗口大小和位置
turtle.setup(width=800, height=600)                    # 800x600 像素
turtle.setup(width=0.6, height=0.6)                    # 占屏幕 60%
turtle.setup(width=800, height=600, startx=100, starty=100)  # 指定窗口位置

turtle.speed(0)      # 最快，无动画
turtle.speed(1)      # 最慢
turtle.speed(6)      # 正常
turtle.speed(10)     # 快

# 或者关闭动画，手动刷新（适合复杂图形）
turtle.tracer(False) # 关闭自动刷新
# ... 执行大量绘图命令 ...
turtle.tracer(True)  # 开启自动刷新，一次性显示结果
turtle.update()      # 手动刷新一次

turtle.colormode(1.0)    # RGB 值范围 0.0 ~ 1.0（默认）
turtle.colormode(255)    # RGB 值范围 0 ~ 255

# colormode=1.0 时
pencolor(0.5, 0.0, 1.0)  # 紫色

# colormode=255 时
pencolor(128, 0, 255)    # 同样的紫色

turtle.done()          # 等价于 turtle.mainloop()

turtle.penup()         # 抬笔
turtle.goto(x, y)      # 移动到目标位置
turtle.pendown()       # 落笔

# 方法一：使用 PostScript 导出（矢量图）
import turtle
# ... 绘图代码 ...
ts = turtle.getscreen()
ts.getcanvas().postscript(file="drawing.eps")   # 保存为 EPS 文件

# 方法二：借助 Pillow 转为 PNG
# pip install Pillow
from PIL import Image
img = Image.open("drawing.eps")
img.save("drawing.png")

# 方法三：截图（最简单但不精确）
# 手动截图或使用系统截图工具

import turtle
t = turtle.Turtle()
t.shape('turtle')      # 可选：'arrow', 'turtle', 'circle', 'square', 'triangle', 'classic'
t.shapesize(2)         # 放大 2 倍

import turtle
t = turtle.Turtle()
t.write("Hello, Turtle!", align="center", font=("Arial", 24, "bold")
# align: "left" / "center" / "right"
# font: (字体名, 大小, 样式)  样式可选 "normal" / "bold" / "italic"

# 方法：使用虚拟帧缓冲
# 1. 安装 Xvfb
#    Ubuntu: sudo apt-get install xvfb
#    macOS:  brew install xvfb
# 2. 运行脚本
#    xvfb-run python my_turtle_script.py

# 或者在代码中设置
import os
os.environ['DISPLAY'] = ':99'   # 指向虚拟显示器