基于模型的测试（MBT）

"""
基于状态机模型自动生成测试用例
覆盖准则：迁移覆盖（Transition Coverage）
"""
from collections import defaultdict

# 状态机定义（state, event, action, next_state）
TRANSITIONS = [
    ("待支付", "支付成功", "扣款", "已支付"),
    ("待支付", "用户取消", "释放库存", "已取消"),
    ("待支付", "超时", "释放库存", "已取消"),
    ("已支付", "商家发货", "创建物流单", "已发货"),
    ("已支付", "退款批准", "退款", "已退款"),
    ("已发货", "用户签收", "更新状态", "已签收"),
    ("已发货", "申请退货", "创建退货单", "退货中"),
    ("退货中", "退货批准", "退款", "已退款"),
    ("退货中", "退货拒绝", "恢复状态", "已发货"),
    ("已签收", "申请退货", "创建退货单", "退货中"),
    ("已签收", "超过售后期", "归档", "已完成"),
]

def generate_transition_coverage_tests(transitions):
    """生成迁移覆盖测试路径"""
    # 构建邻接表
    graph = defaultdict(list)
    for src, event, action, dst in transitions:
        graph[src].append((event, action, dst))

    # 从初始状态开始 DFS，确保每个迁移至少覆盖一次
    covered = set()
    tests = []

    def dfs(state, path, visited_transitions):
        for event, action, dst in graph[state]:
            trans_key = (state, event, dst)
            if trans_key not in visited_transitions:
                new_path = path + [(state, event, action, dst)]
                new_visited = visited_transitions | {trans_key}
                if new_visited >= set(
                    (s, e, d) for s, e, _, d in transitions
                ):
                    tests.append(new_path)
                else:
                    dfs(dst, new_path, new_visited)

    dfs("待支付", [], set())
    return tests

tests = generate_transition_coverage_tests(TRANSITIONS)
print(f"生成 {len(tests)} 条测试路径")
for i, test in enumerate(tests[:3]):  # 展示前 3 条
    print(f"\n测试路径 {i+1}:")
    for state, event, action, next_state in test:
        print(f"  {state} --[{event}/{action}]--> {next_state}")

// 订单模型（Graphwalker JSON 格式）
{
  "name": "OrderLifecycle",
  "models": [
    {
      "name": "Order",
      "generator": "random(edge_coverage(100))",
      "startElementId": "e0",
      "vertices": [
        {"id": "v0", "name": "待支付"},
        {"id": "v1", "name": "已支付"},
        {"id": "v2", "name": "已发货"},
        {"id": "v3", "name": "已签收"},
        {"id": "v4", "name": "已完成"}
      ],
      "edges": [
        {"id": "e0", "name": "创建订单", "sourceVertexId": "v0", "targetVertexId": "v0"},
        {"id": "e1", "name": "支付成功", "sourceVertexId": "v0", "targetVertexId": "v1"},
        {"id": "e2", "name": "商家发货", "sourceVertexId": "v1", "targetVertexId": "v2"},
        {"id": "e3", "name": "用户签收", "sourceVertexId": "v2", "targetVertexId": "v3"},
        {"id": "e4", "name": "超过售后期", "sourceVertexId": "v3", "targetVertexId": "v4"}
      ]
    }
  ]
}

// Java 实现：Graphwalker + REST Assured 执行
import org.graphwalker.java.test.Execution;
import org.graphwalker.java.test.Result;
import org.graphwalker.java.test.TestExecutor;
import io.restassured.RestAssured;
import static io.restassured.RestAssured.*;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.*;

public class OrderTest implements OrderLifecycle {
    private String orderId;
    private String baseUrl = "http://localhost:8080/api";

    @Override
    public void 创建订单() {
        orderId = given()
            .contentType("application/json")
            .body("{\"userId\":\"u1\",\"items\":[{\"skuId\":\"s1\",\"qty\":1}]}")
            .when()
            .post(baseUrl + "/orders")
            .then()
            .statusCode(201)
            .extract().path("id");
    }

    @Override
    public void 支付成功() {
        given()
            .body("{\"method\":\"ALIPAY\"}")
            .when()
            .post(baseUrl + "/orders/" + orderId + "/pay")
            .then()
            .statusCode(200)
            .body("status", equalTo("PAID"));
    }

    @Override
    public void 商家发货() {
        given()
            .body("{\"carrier\":\"SF\",\"trackingNo\":\"SF123\"}")
            .when()
            .post(baseUrl + "/orders/" + orderId + "/ship")
            .then()
            .statusCode(200);
    }

    @Override
    public void 用户签收() {
        given()
            .when()
            .post(baseUrl + "/orders/" + orderId + "/receive")
            .then()
            .statusCode(200);
    }

    @Override
    public void 超过售后期() {
        given()
            .when()
            .post(baseUrl + "/orders/" + orderId + "/archive")
            .then()
            .statusCode(200);
    }
}

| 条件 \ 规则 | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 |
|-------------|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|
| 会员等级     | 普通| 普通| 普通| 普通| VIP | VIP | VIP | VIP |
| 订单金额>500 | N  | N  | Y  | Y  | N  | N  | Y  | Y  |
| 使用优惠券   | N  | Y  | N  | Y  | N  | Y  | N  | Y  |
|-------------|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|
| 折扣率       | 0% | 0% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 10%| 15%|
| 免运费       | N  | N  | Y  | Y  | Y  | Y  | Y  | Y  |